The post Breastfeeding Diet Basics, According To A Registered Dietitian appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

The post Benefits of Fish Oil Supplements & Fish Consumption in Pregnancy appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

What are the causes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Unfortunately, the exact cause of PCOS is unknown. There may be a genetic factor with PCOS, but further testing is needed. Many women who have PCOS also struggle with weight issues; researchers are currently investigating a correlation between the body’s ability to make insulin and PCOS. A symptom of PCOS is that the body produces too much insulin. This can result in excess production of male hormones which can cause acne, hair growth, weight gain, and ovulation issues.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms of PCOS include:

• Infrequent, irregular, or absent menstrual cycles. You might have fewer than nine periods a year with more than 35 days between periods. Other women have abnormally heavy periods.
•  Infertility due to irregular or absent ovulation
• Increased hair growth on face, neck, stomach, back, hands, and feet due to elevated levels of male hormones
• Acne, oily skin, and dandruff
• Pelvic pain
• Weight gain/obesity- normally around the waist
• High cholesterol
• High blood pressure
• Thinning hair
• Skin tags located on the neck or armpits
• Dark or thick skin located on the neck, arms, thighs, and/or breasts
• Sleep apnea

How is it diagnosed?

Unfortunately, there is not a specific test to diagnose PCOS at this time. Normally a diagnosis of PCOS is reached after your health care provider has taken a medical history, performed a physical exam, pelvic exam, ultrasound, and various blood tests. The blood tests check hormone and glucose (sugar) levels. During the physical examination, the health care provider will examine the ovaries and uterine lining. Any abnormal findings are often verified by an ultrasound.

What treatments are available for women who have been diagnosed with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

There is no cure for PCOS, but it can be managed so that other problems are prevented. The treatment plan is determined by the symptoms that a woman is experiencing. A health care provider may use one plan or a combination of plans, depending on a woman’s situation.
The following list includes common treatment options:

• Healthy lifestyle and weight- Maintaining a healthy weight is also a way to manage PCOS. A healthy diet and exercise can manage weight, help the body to use insulin more effectively, lower glucose levels, and help regulate periods.
• Birth control pills – Women who are not trying to conceive may find it beneficial to begin taking birth control pills. These can help regulate periods and improve acne and hair growth. Symptoms can return if a woman stops taking the pills. Birth control pills containing only progesterone can help with the irregular periods but will not help with acne or abnormal hair growth.
• Fertility medications – The primary fertility problem with PCOS is the lack of ovulation. However, additional fertility testing may be completed to make sure that there are no other problems present. Different medications can be prescribed to help the ovaries release eggs, but women who take such medications need to know that they are at an increased risk for multiple pregnancies. In vitro fertilization (IVF) can also be used to help a woman with PCOS conceive.
• Diabetes medications – Metformin/Glucophage can regulate the production of glucose and male hormones. The abnormal hair growth should slow down, and ovulation may return in a few months. Taking metformin will not cause a person to become diabetic.
• Medication for increased hair growth or too many male hormones – These medications should only be used if a woman is not trying to become pregnant. Non-medical treatments such as electrolysis or laser hair removal are effective in treating unwanted hair. Hormones can be taken to prevent new hair from growing. If a woman is pregnant or trying to conceive, she needs to consult with her health care provider before undergoing any kind of hair treatment for unwanted hair.
• Surgery – While surgery is not normally used as the first line of treatment, a laparoscopic procedure (in which a small electric current is applied to the ovary) may be considered. A small portion of the ovary is destroyed which can decrease the production of male hormones and increase ovulation. It will not help with excessive hair growth and also carries the risk of scar tissue forming on the ovaries. Normally, results only last a few months, and then the symptoms return.

How can polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affect pregnancy?

Women who have PCOS appear to have an increased risk of miscarriage, pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, and premature delivery.

Can polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) place a woman at risk for any other conditions?

Women who have been diagnosed with PCOS seem to be at a greater risk of developing endometrial cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and heart disease. Getting symptoms controlled as soon as possible can decrease a woman’s chance of developing any of these other conditions.

For more information or support regarding PCOS contact:

• The PCOS Association
• National Health Women’s Resource Center
• Office on Women’s Health

Compiled using information from the following sources:
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Association,
Office on Women’s Health

The post Polycystic Ovary Syndrome appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

Sustainability: Baby Steps for a Healthy Planet

The sustainability-related choices you make as an expectant mother or new mom can flow from a combination of factors that are entirely personal to you, including the amount of time you have available to investigate “green” options, your budget, and perhaps even your political perspective. While some women become “eco-warriors” who champion a comprehensive approach to saving the planet, other women may choose to adopt sustainability strategies into their lives more gradually.

If you’re interested in taking steps that can improve the health of the planet, these three small steps can be an easy place to start:

• Consider the Source:
  – Whether you’re buying a car, a package of diapers, or even a can of tuna, take a moment to evaluate which option might not only be best for you, but also the environment. Even in something as simple as a can of tuna, differences become apparent quite quickly. Scanning the Safe Catch label, for example, consumers can discover that it is the only brand to test every tuna for mercury and is also certified sustainably caught and plastic neutral. Companies sharing information like this is a good sign; you may also want to verify their commitment online.

• Try Some Simple Swaps:
  – Look for ways to reduce the chemicals you’re using to clean your home. Many homeowners are rediscovering the power of old-fashioned solutions like white vinegar, which can be used undiluted in a spray bottle to clean windows and disinfect surfaces (pro tip: don’t like the smell? Add a drop of lemon or lavender essential oil to help mask the distinctive scent).

–  Speaking of reducing chemicals, consider ways to avoid them in your foods as well. While organic produce was once too pricey for many households, Walmart has become the largest organic retailer in the country and has made these items much more affordable. In addition, swapping out less-processed foods for those found in nature is not only better for your health in general, but also requires less manufacturing- – and therefore decreases pollutants.

• Make Your Own Baby Food:
  – Being a mom is hard enough, and no parent should ever feel pressure to be perfect or to live up to some impossible standard. Pre-made baby foods can be wonderful options, whether used all the time or as needed. When it comes to saving money, knowing “what’s in there”, and cutting down on the need for manufacturing, consider using your blender to create your own baby food by pureeing organic fruits and vegetables. Your pediatrician can help you structure a balanced, nutritious approach.

Whether it’s choosing a company that truly makes sustainability part of its mission, trading out a household cleanser, or choosing to enjoy more fresh foods, the steps you take in your pregnancy and throughout your child’s life can contribute to a healthier planet. All of your efforts, whether big or small, can make a difference. As we think about April as “Earth Month,” here’s to the future we give to our children.

Article authored by Paul Laubscher, Vice President of Marketing for Safe Catch.

Want to Know More?

• Sex After Birth
• A Faster Postpartum Recovery

The post Balancing Motherhood & Sustainability appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

If you are experiencing symptoms, you should see your physician for accurate diagnosis and treatment, because trying to treat yourself may make symptoms worse.

What causes a yeast infection?

The fungus candida albicans is responsible for most vaginal yeast infections. Your vagina naturally contains a balanced mix of yeast, including candida, and bacteria. Certain bacteria (lactobacillus) act to prevent an overgrowth of yeast. But that balance can be disrupted. An overgrowth of candida or penetration of the fungus into deeper vaginal cell layers causes the signs and symptoms of a yeast infection.

Overgrowth of yeast can result from:

• Hormonal changes that come with pregnancy (See Yeast Infections During Pregnancy) or before your period)
• Taking hormones or birth control pills
• Taking antibiotics or steroids
• High blood sugar, as in diabetes
• Vaginal intercourse
• Douching
• Blood or semen

What are the symptoms of a yeast infection?

Yeast infection symptoms can range from mild to moderate, and include:

• Itching, burning, soreness in the vagina and vulva
• Thick, white, vaginal discharge that looks like cottage cheese and may smell like yeast/bread, though usually odorless
• Watery vaginal discharge
• Burning during urination and intercourse
• Swelling, soreness, or rash on the outer lips of the vagina
• Vaginal rash

Complicated yeast infection

You might have a complicated yeast infection if:

• You have severe signs and symptoms, such as extensive redness, swelling and itching that leads to tears, cracks or sores
• You have four or more yeast infections in a year
• Your infection is caused by a less typical type of fungus
• You’re pregnant
• You have uncontrolled diabetes
• Your immune system is weakened because of certain medications or conditions such as HIV infection

What else could I be experiencing?

If you are experiencing symptoms similar to a yeast infection, but a physician has ruled out this diagnosis, you may have one of the following:

• A sexually transmitted disease (STD) like chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis
• A vaginal infection called bacterial vaginosis

How do I know for sure if I have a yeast infection?

Your health care provider will use a simple, painless swab to remove the discharge or vaginal secretions and examine the sample through a microscope in the office. Usually, upon a simple examination of the vagina, a physician can diagnose a yeast infection.  In rare cases, the culture may be sent to a lab.

How are yeast infections treated?

A yeast infection can be treated by creams that can be applied vaginally. Monistat, Gyne-Lotrimin, or prescription Terazol or Vagistat provide immediate relief of burning on the vulva and should completely clear up the infection in a week.

Medications are taken orally, such as prescription Diflucan, Sporanox, Nystatin, and Nizoral, clear up the infection within a few days but provide slower relief of burning and itching. Ask your doctor about using cream topically to relieve itching and burning as well as a one-dose oral medication to clear it up as quickly as possible.

How can I prevent yeast infections from occurring?

Yeast infections can usually be avoided by doing the following:

• Avoid tight-fitting, synthetic fiber clothing, leotards, or girdles
• Wear cotton panties and pantyhose with cotton crotches
• Wash regularly, and dry thoroughly. Use your blow dryer on a low, cool setting to help dry your genital area
• Always wipe from front to back after using the restroom
• Shower immediately after you swim, and dry thoroughly. Change out of wet swimsuits or other damp clothes as soon as you can
• Change underwear and workout clothes right away after exercise
• Don’t douche or use feminine hygiene sprays, sanitary pads, or tampons that contain deodorant
• Don’t use bubble bath or colored/perfumed toilet paper
• Avoid hot tubs and very hot baths
• Avoid unnecessary antibiotic use, such as for colds or other viral infections.
• Eat nutritious foods including yogurt with lactobacillus acidophilus; limit sugar intake, as sugar promotes the growth of yeast
• Get plenty of rest to make it easier for your body to fight infections

When should I contact my doctor?

If you are experiencing the symptoms described in this article, you should call your doctor now. Yeast infections symptoms can be similar to other infections and STDs. Proper diagnosis every time you think you may have a yeast infection is vital for the most effective, immediate treatment, or your condition may worsen.

If you see no improvement within three days, or the symptoms worsen or come back after treatment, you should contact your health care provider again.

Compiled using information from the following sources:
American Academy of Family Physicians, https://familydoctor.org
Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Ninth Ed. Scott, James R., et al, Ch. 32.

The post Yeast Infections appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Symptoms

Women with PID may have only mild pain or no symptoms at all, even though serious damage to their internal reproductive organs may be occurring. Some women with PID may experience the following symptoms:

• Lower abdominal pain ranging from mild to severe
• Fever, sometimes chills
• Abnormal or heavy vaginal discharge that may have an unpleasant odor
• Painful intercourse
• Painful, frequent or difficult urination

Can Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) lead to other problems?

PID can cause permanent damage by developing scar tissue on the female internal reproductive organs. The scar tissue can completely block the fallopian tubes, which prevents the sperm and egg from meeting and causes infertility.

Approximately 100,000 women a year begin struggling with infertility as a result of PID. The scar tissue may partially block or slightly damage the fallopian tube.
This can prevent the fertilized egg from leaving the tube creating an ectopic or tubal pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancies can rupture the fallopian tubes causing severe pain, internal bleeding, and even death. Scarring of the fallopian tubes and ovaries can also lead to pelvic pain that lasts for months or even years.

What causes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

PID is caused by vaginal intercourse with a partner infected with Gonorrhea or Chlamydia. The more sexual partners a woman has, the greater the risk of PID. PID is a common progression from an infection of either chlamydia, gonorrhea, or in rare cases, bacterial vaginosis.

How is the disease diagnosed?

PID is difficult to diagnose because symptoms are often mild and many cases go undetected. There are no specific tests for PID. If you are sexually active and experiencing lower abdominal pain, the first thing your healthcare provider will probably do is to run cultures of your cervix to test for chlamydia and gonorrhea. An ultrasound or possibly surgery may be necessary to diagnose PID.

How is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treated?

The bacteria that cause PID may be treated and cured with antibiotics administered orally or intravenously. The damage caused by scarring from PID may not be reversed. Approximately 25% of women with PID must be admitted to the hospital for treatment.

Can It be prevented?

There are only two ways to prevent PID. The first is to refrain from sexual contact of any kind, allowing you to avoid contracting chlamydia and gonorrhea.
The second is to be in a long-term monogamous relationship such as marriage. The use of condoms does reduce the risk of transmission of chlamydia and gonorrhea, but it does not prevent it. According to a study presented at the 2002 National STD Prevention Conference, there is a 50% risk reduction by using condoms.

Want to Know More?

• Most Common Pregnancy Complications
• Understanding a High-risk Pregnancy
• Sharp Pain During Pregnancy: Causes & Symptoms

Compiled using information from the following sources:
Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract Fourth Ed. Sweet, Richard L, et al, Ch. 14.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov

The post Pelvic Inflammatory Disease appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

Women are encouraged to start getting yearly Pap smears at the age of 21 or within 3 years of becoming sexually active. When women are faithful in having regular Pap smears, they increase their chances for early detection and treatment of any potential problems.

What does an abnormal pap smear mean?

An abnormal Pap smear may indicate any of the following:

• An infection or an inflammation
• Herpes
• Trichomoniasis
• Recent sexual activity
• HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) This is also called genital warts (up to 60% of women may carry this virus on their cervix, genital area, or skin and are completely unaware of it).
• Dysplasia (abnormal cells that can be pre-cancerous)

What is the treatment?

A positive result indicates the presence of abnormal cells, also called an abnormal Pap. Remember that this is a test, not a diagnosis. A positive result does not prove that you have cancer or even dysplasia (a pre-cancerous condition).
However, it usually means you should have further evaluation, such as another Pap smear, a colposcopy (using a microscope to look into the cervix) or a biopsy (removing a small amount of tissue from the cervix). Your doctor will discuss the results with you.

One in ten Pap smears will indicate some abnormality, though most are not serious. Further testing will be required to determine if you have an infection, inflammation, a yeast infection, trichomoniasis, herpes or the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).

HPV is the main risk factor for cervical cancer, but most women who receive treatment for abnormal cells caused by HPV, do not develop cervical cancer.

In 2003, the FDA approved a screening test that can be done in conjunction with a Pap smear to determine if you have the HPV virus. The HPV DNA test can detect high-risk types of HPV before any abnormal cells can be detected on the cervix. This screening is recommended for women over the age of 30, who are at an increased risk of an HPV infection turning into pre-cancerous cells.

Some Pap smears indicate an unsatisfactory sample because of recent sexual activity or use of vaginal creams and douches. Regardless of the reason, an abnormal Pap will require another Pap smear in a few months.

Here are some terms your doctor might use and what your next course of action might be:

• Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). Squamous cells are thin and flat and grow on the surface of a healthy cervix. In the case of ASCUS, the Pap smear reveals slightly abnormal squamous cells, but the changes don’t clearly suggest that precancerous cells are present.With the liquid-based test, your doctor can reanalyze the sample to check for the presence of viruses known to promote the development of cancer, such as some types of human papillomavirus (HPV).If no high-risk viruses are present, the abnormal cells found as a result of the test aren’t of great concern. If worrisome viruses are present, you’ll need further testing.
• Squamous intraepithelial lesion. This term is used to indicate that the cells collected from the Pap smear may be precancerous.If the changes are low grade, it means the size, shape and other characteristics of the cells suggest that if a precancerous lesion is present, it’s likely to be years away from becoming a cancer.If the changes are high grade, there’s a greater chance that the lesion may develop into cancer much sooner. Additional diagnostic testing is necessary.
• Atypical glandular cells. Glandular cells produce mucus and grow in the opening of your cervix and within your uterus. Atypical glandular cells may appear to be slightly abnormal, but it’s unclear whether they’re cancerous.Further testing is needed to determine the source of the abnormal cells and their significance.
• Squamous cell cancer or adenocarcinoma cells. This result means the cells collected for the Pap smear appear so abnormal that the pathologist is almost certain a cancer is present.”Squamous cell cancer” refers to cancers arising in the flat surface cells of the vagina or cervix. “Adenocarcinoma” refers to cancers arising in glandular cells. If such cells are found, your doctor will recommend prompt evaluation.

If the abnormal cells persis, you may need further treatment, which may include the following:

• A colposcopy is an examination in which a speculum is inserted into the vagina, and the cervix is painted with a vinegar solution which makes any abnormal areas stand out. You doctor will use a special magnifying instrument (colposcope) to examine the tissues of the cervix, vagina and vulva. When an abnormal area is located, a sample (biopsy) of the area may be taken for accurate diagnosis by a pathologist.
• Cryosurgery, or freezing of the abnormal cells, is usually performed next. Cone biopsy is a procedure in which a triangle of cervical tissue is removed including the abnormal cells; this is either performed in a doctor’s office or as an outpatient procedure. Bleeding and watery discharge are common after this treatment.
• The LEEP procedure is similar to a cone biopsy, but a loop-shaped instrument is used to remove the abnormal area.  Bleeding and discharge may also occur.

What check-ups are necessary after treatment?

Check-ups following treatment are necessary to make sure all the abnormal cells are gone and the cervix has healed. Early detection is the key to minimize the risk of cancer developing. After treatment, women will be advised by their health care providers as to how often they will need to have routine Pap smears.

What if I have an abnormal pap smear during pregnancy?

It is safe to have a Pap smear during pregnancy. If your Pap smear results are abnormal, a colposcopy could be performed during your pregnancy. However, further treatment will probably be delayed until after your baby is born.

Frequently, the birth of your baby will wash away any abnormal cervical cells. Having an abnormal Pap smear does not pose a risk to your baby.

Want to Know More

• Cervical Cancer
• Preconception Health for Women
• Your First Prenatal Visit

Compiled using the following sources:
Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Ninth Ed. Scott, James R,et al, Ch.53

Mayo Clinic: Tests, Procedures

The post Abnormal Pap Smear appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

It does have a cure, but if the disease progresses far enough, the treatment cannot reverse or heal tissue or organ damage already caused by the infection. To learn about syphilis and pregnancy, view our article Syphilis During Pregnancy.

Syphilis: Transmission & Symptoms

How is it transmitted?

Syphilis is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact during intercourse, whether oral, vaginal, or anal. Because it can be passed to a sexual partner from bacteria present on the skin, a condom cannot completely protect against transmission.

What are the symptoms?

Syphilis infection has four different stages that each present different symptoms. The first symptoms will present anywhere from 10 to 90 days after initial infection (the average is 21 days).

• Primary syphilis:  the development of one or multiple papules which develops into a clean, painless ulcer (similar to a chancre sore), usually located on the genitals. The sore will often heal four to six weeks after appearing.
• Secondary syphilis:  starting two to ten weeks after the sore heals (or sometimes during its healing process), you may experience a rash, which can cover the whole body (red or brownish rough spots); sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus; grayish or white wart-like growths; fever; swollen lymph nodes; headaches; weight loss; and/or a sore throat and other flu-like symptoms, like fatigue.
• Latent syphilis:  1-2 months after the onset of secondary syphilis, the symptoms may disappear for several years.
• Late-stage or tertiary syphilis:  you may experience neurological and cardiovascular issues, along with problems with other organs. Symptoms depend on the organ affected.
• Neurosyphilis and Ocular syphilis:  these can become issues during any stage of infection if the bacteria reaches the nervous system or the eyes, respectively. Possible symptoms of neurosyphilis:  headaches, movement or coordination issues, changes in behavior, paralysis, dementia, and/or sensory issues. Possible symptoms of ocular syphilis:  vision changes, a decrease in visual range, and/or blindness.

How can I get tested?

If you suspect that you may have syphilis, it is important to get tested. The test that is typically used is a serological test that checks for the presence of antibodies in your blood. Initially, one of the two tests is used to check for the presence of antibodies for syphilis-like infections, called nontreponemal testing:

• RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagen) – A good screening test which can also be used to monitor the level of infection after treatment has begun.
• VDLR (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) – Uses a blood sample or a sample of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid), and is mostly used to diagnose neurosyphilis.

To confirm initial screens like the RPR test, treponemal testing can be done to specifically target syphilis-only antibodies:

• FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption) – Typically used for the first 3-4 weeks post-exposure. Uses a blood or CSF sample to identify specific syphilis bacterium antibodies and diagnose syphilis (or neurosyphilis).
• TP-PA (T. pallidum particle agglutination assay) – More specific and has less false positives than FTA-ABS.
• MHA-TP (microhemagglutination assay) – Another test to confirm a syphilis diagnosis, but is less commonly used now.
• Immunoassays (IA) – Automated tests that make screening specifically for syphilis easy.

Though much less commonly used, there are two tests available that can detect the presence of the bacteria (not just the antibodies):

• Dark-field microscopy – When syphilis is first suspected, a scraping of the chancre can be placed on a slide and viewed using a specific type of microscope.
• PCR (polymerase chain reaction) – Using a sample of blood, CSF, or of the sore itself, PCR can specifically detect genetic material (DNA) from the bacteria.

Based on the results, you and your primary healthcare provider can take the necessary steps to clear the infection from your body.

The US Preventative Services Task Force (USPTF) now recommends that ALL pregnant women are screened for syphilis.

What treatment options are available?

The good news is that it is easily treated with antibiotics. Penicillin G is the only effective treatment, meaning that those persons with a penicillin allergy may not have a suitable alternative treatment. Talk to your doctor if this applies to you.
Treatment with penicillin G will rid your body of the infection, but cannot undo organ/tissue damage that has already occurred. Most often, diagnoses are made in the primary or secondary stages before most tissue or organ damage occurs unless the disease has already moved to ocular or neurosyphilis.

Can it be prevented?

Like most STIs, the only two 100% ways to avoid contracting it are (1) to abstain from any and all sexual activity, and (2) to be in a monogamous relationship where each partner has only had intercourse with the other, and neither are currently infected with any STIs.

The consistent and correct use of condoms is always suggested with oral, vaginal, and anal sex. However, since the bacteria which cause syphilis can be present on the skin not protected by a condom, usage does not significantly reduce your chances of transmitting or picking up the disease.

Compiled using information from the following sources:

1. Harms, R. W. (2004). Mayo Clinic guide to a healthy pregnancy. New York: HarperResource.

2. Kliegman, R. (2007). Nelson textbook of pediatrics (18th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.

3. M.D., R. J. (1994). Lifestyle During Pregnancy. Mayo Clinic Complete Book of Pregnancy and Baby’s First Year. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

5. Mayo Clinic.

6. AACC, Lab Tests Online

The post Syphilis appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

What causes urinary tract infections?

Urinary tract infections typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder. Although the urinary system is designed to keep out such microscopic invaders, these defenses sometimes fail. When that happens, bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract.

Risk factors specific to women for UTIs include:

• Female anatomy. A woman has a shorter urethra than a man does, which shortens the distance that bacteria must travel to reach the bladder.
• Sexual activity. Sexually active women tend to have more UTIs than do women who aren’t sexually active. Having a new sexual partner also increases your risk.
• Certain types of birth control. Women who use diaphragms for birth control may be at higher risk, as well as women who use spermicides.
• Menopause. After menopause, a decline in circulating estrogen causes changes in the urinary tract that make you more vulnerable to infection.
• A history of diabetes, sickle-cell anemia, stroke, kidney stones or any problem that causes the bladder not to empty completely
• Pregnancy increases your risk of developing a UTI. (See Urinary Tract Infections During Pregnancy.)
• A history of UTIs, especially if the infections were less then six months apart
• Waiting too long to urinate

What are the signs and symptoms?

Urinary tract infections don’t always cause signs and symptoms, but when they do they may include:

• Pain or burning (discomfort) when urinating
• The need to urinate more often than usual
• Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
• A feeling of urgency when you urinate
• Blood or mucus in the urine
• Cramping or pain in the lower abdomen
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Chills, fever, sweats, leaking of urine (incontinence)
• Waking up from sleep to urinate
• Change in the amount of urine, either more or less
• Urine that looks cloudy, smells foul or unusually strong
• Pain, pressure, or tenderness especially in the center of the pelvis and around the area of the pubic bone
• If bacteria spreads to the kidneys you may experience back pain, chills, fever, nausea, and vomiting.

How do I know if I have a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

The number of bacteria and white blood cells in a urine sample is the basis for diagnosing a UTI. Proper diagnosis is vital since these symptoms can also be caused by other problems such as infections of the vagina or vulva. Only your physician can make the distinction and make a correct diagnosis.

What treatment options are available?

Urinary tract infections are most commonly treated by antibiotics. You may take a single dose antibiotic, or you may take an antibiotic for 3-10 days. Take all your medications as prescribed, even after the symptoms are gone. If you stop taking your medication before the scheduled end of treatment, the infection may come back.

Pyridium may be prescribed to relieve painful urination while the antibiotics are treating the infection (this medication may turn your urine a dark orange color). Symptoms usually will subside within 2-3 days, but if symptoms continue for more than 3 days you will need to contact your health provider again.

How can I prevent urinary tract infections?

You may do everything right and still experience a urinary tract infection, but you can reduce the likelihood by doing the following:

• Drink 6-8 glasses of water each day. Drinking water helps dilute your urine and ensures that you’ll urinate more frequently — allowing bacteria to be flushed from your urinary tract before an infection can begin.
• Eliminate refined foods, fruit juices, caffeine, alcohol, and sugar.
• Drink cranberry juice. Although studies are not conclusive that cranberry juice prevents UTIs, it is likely not harmful.
• Take vitamin C (250 to 500 mg), beta-carotene (25,000 to 50,000 IU per day) and zinc (30-50 mg per day) to help fight infection.
• Develop a habit of urinating as soon as the need is felt, and empty your bladder completely when you urinate.
• Urinate before and after intercourse. Also, drink a full glass of water to help flush bacteria.
• Avoid intercourse while you are being treated for a UTI.
• After urinating, blot dry (do not rub), and keep your genital area clean. Make sure you wipe from the front toward the back.
• Avoid using strong soaps, douches, antiseptic creams, feminine hygiene sprays, and powders.
• Change underwear and pantyhose every day.
• Avoid wearing tight-fitting pants.
• Wear all-cotton or cotton-crotch underwear and pantyhose.
• Don’t soak in the bathtub longer than 30 minutes or more than twice a day.

Compiled using information from the following sources:

• American Academy of Family Physicians
• Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract Fourth Ed. Sweet, Richard L, et al, Ch. 15.
• Mayo Clinic/Diseases

The post Urinary Tract Infection: Bladder Infection appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

Helpful Ovarian Cancer Resources

Knowing that this is not an easy time for you, we wanted to help by offering you a “one-stop-shop” for resources and information about ovarian cancer. Check out our full article on Ovarian Cancer to learn more about the disease, causes, genetic links, and treatments available.

Tips for talking with your doctor

If you have symptoms and/or risk factors and want to discuss screening or diagnostic tests with your doctor:

• Write down all your symptoms, when you began experiencing them, if they’ve increased in frequency or severity, and if there are other things in your life that could affect these symptoms (life or diet change, illness, menopause, birth control, pregnancy, fertility treatments, etc). Be as thorough as possible!
• Write out your personal and family histories of cancers or reproductive-related diseases or issues. Breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancers and endometriosis are the most important ones to include. If you know if your family members have any history of mutations in cancer susceptibility genes (especially BRCA1 and BRCA2), include these as well.
• Write down any and all questions you have. For example:
  • What are the possible causes of my symptoms?
  • Am I at high risk for ovarian cancer?
  • What screening procedures are there?
  • Do I need to do any further testing?
  • What is my next step?
  • (If your doctor is not concerned) In the future, are there specific symptoms that I would need to see you right away for?

If you have been newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer, here are some questions you may want to ask your doctor:

• What grade and stage is my cancer at right now? What does that mean for my treatment?
• Has the cancer spread, and if so, where is it located?
• What are my treatment options?
• What are the side effects of these treatments? Are there ways to decrease the side effects, and will those side effects linger after treatment has ended?
• Are there clinical trials available that you think I would be a good candidate for?
• How does treatment fit in with my everyday life? Can I continue working/parenting like normal?
• Are there any dietary or lifestyle restrictions that you would suggest?
• How much will treatment cost? Are there foundations or organizations that could help me pay?
• Will my insurance cover some of the cost of treatment?
• Will I need to set up some sort of payment plan?
• How often would treatments occur, and for how long do I need to participate?
• Can I receive treatment at a location near where I live, or do I need to travel somewhere else?
• Will any treatments require me to stay overnight in a hospital?
• Do you have any suggestions for how to break the news to my family? Are there certain things that I should ask for help with?
• (If you still are considering pregnancy) Will I be able to conceive after this treatment?
• (If you are close to menopause) Will this cause menopause to start earlier or later than expected?
• (If you’ve already been through menopause) Will I need any hormone replacement therapy after treatment?

There are definitely a lot of questions, so don’t feel bad asking even more than this. Your doctors and treatment team are here for YOU! You deserve as many answers as they can give and the best quality of care.
If you’re unsure about a diagnosis or treatment plan, you do have the ability and freedom to obtain a second or third opinion.

What are clinical trials and how can I enroll in one?

Clinical trials are research studies that help a researcher determine the safety and effectiveness of a new process or medicine. A clinical trial can fit into quite a few categories:  prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, supportive care, and genetics. Clinical trials are organized in phases in which each phase (the first 3 of 4), a higher number of patients are treated/tested. All drugs that currently are used to treat ovarian cancer have come about through clinical trials. The biggest thing to understand about clinical trials is that they are NOT just for women who have not found success with any other treatment regimen – it is open to those currently undergoing treatment and for those with a new diagnosis too!

Most of the costs associated with clinical trials will be covered by the study. Other things such as routine doctor’s visits and tests that may or may not have to do with the trial may be on your own tab. If you’re worried about the cost of clinical trials, you may be able to get your insurance company to cover those costs. If you can get documentation that the trial may be “medically necessary,” that it is potentially beneficial to your health, letters from advocates, and medical information from the researchers involved, this may help speed the approval process along.

It is important to note that you may not be eligible for all or any clinical trials. Different studies may have specific age requirements or treatment background requirements, or they may only be looking for patients with a specific genetic mutation in a cancer susceptibility gene. This is why it is necessary to talk to your doctor and learn about the specifics of your situation.
There are quite often clinical trials available for ovarian cancer-related therapies. To learn more about what clinical trials might look like or mean for you, visit the National Ovarian Cancer Coalition’s (NOCC) page on what to expect. Check out what might be available to you here:

• The American Cancer Society’s clinical matching service at 1-800-303-5691 or visit their website here.
• Through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), you can search for active clinical trials related to ovarian cancer here.
• The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has a search tool for their supported clinical trials here.
• Search the NIH’s Clinical Research Studies database of current trials here.
• You can join a registry that gets you on a list for any studies or trials that come available. Have your information out there and ready. One such general registry is Research Match, and you can learn more at ResearchMatch.org.

Keep in mind that not all clinical trials will be a match for you or be successful in treating cancer. This is especially true if you are pregnant at the time of diagnosis and treatment. It is crucial that you speak with your doctor if you would like to pursue clinical trials.

I’ve been diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Where can I find help & support?

First, let us be one of the first to say that we are sorry to hear about your diagnosis. We hope that you are able to get connected with the best doctors, hospitals, support groups, and treatments out there. Our mission statement includes supporting reproductive wellness, and so we are here for you too.
There are support groups, peer support, informational organizations, research groups, and much more available all throughout the nation. Here are some resources you can check out to find support near you:

• Ovarian Cancer Research Fund Alliance (OCRFA):  Visit their Resources for Patients page to find community groups, peer-to-peer support, informational webinars, and more.
• The American Cancer Society (ACS) has a 24/7 support line providing a safe place to talk and/or receive resources available to you at 1-800-227-2345. Visit their Support Programs and Services page to find a wide variety of resources available to you.
• The National Ovarian Cancer Coalition (NOCC) has local chapters you can reach out to for support by searching here, or you can give them a call at 1-888-OVARIAN (682-7426) to connect with other available resources.

Suggestions on How to Cope

• Take care of yourself! Don’t think just about cancer – remember that the more you take care of the rest of your body by eating healthily and staying active (follow your doctor’s orders), the lower your stress and the more your body has to work with. Take time to relax and soak in life with friends and family.
• Confide in someone. You’ve heard the saying that “no man is an island;” well, no woman is either! Let it out – leaving this burden only on your shoulders is not going to do any good. Find someone you trust to talk with about how you’re feeling. This is where the support groups above come in too; you can share how you’re doing, your worries, and your triumphs with others battling the same disease. For some, this might mean pursuing spiritual help, which can be very powerful and comforting.
• Ask for or allow help. Again, this does not mean that you are burdening others. It’s very often that your family and friends really want to help! If people are asking how they can help, try not to let it stress you out. Come up with a list of things that people can do for you, such as:
  • Cooking you and/or your family a meal & drop it off without much excitement.
  • Taking your kids for a few hours so that you can get some extra rest/other things done.
  • Taking you to lunch for casual, non-serious conversation.
  • Sending you an encouraging note.
  • Seeing if anyone will accompany you to a chemotherapy appointment.

Whatever your situation, know that you are not alone! There are a plethora of resources out there to support you. Don’t be afraid to reach out for help!

Compiled using information from the following sources:

1. Ovarian Cancer Research Fund Alliance (OCRFA): Clinical Trials.

2. American Cancer Society (ACS): Treating Ovarian Cancer.

3. National Ovarian Cancer Coalition: Clinical Trials.

4. Mayo Clinic: Ovarian Cancer – Coping and Support.

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): How is Ovarian Cancer Treated?

The post Ovarian Cancer Resources appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.