How does a birth control sponge work?

 You insert the sponge deep into your vagina before sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. It is designed to fit over the cervix and works in three ways to prevent pregnancy:

• It blocks the cervix, preventing semen from entering the uterus.
• The sponge contains spermicide which kills sperm.
• The sponge absorbs the semen and traps sperm.

How effective is a contraceptive sponge?

The effectiveness of the sponge depends on how well you use it and whether or not you’ve ever given birth. The failure rates are:

• 9 percent for women who haven’t given birth and use the sponge correctly every time
• 12 percent for women who haven’t given birth and don’t use the sponge correctly every time
• 20 percent for women who have given birth and use the sponge correctly every time
• 24 percent for women who have given birth and don’t use the sponge correctly every time

To improve the effectiveness of the sponge, ask your partner to pull out before ejaculating. He can also use a condom as added protection.

You should take a pregnancy test if you are experiencing any pregnancy symptoms.

What are the side effects or health risks of a contraceptive sponge?

The sponge has been associated with some women experiencing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) – a rare but serious life-threatening bacterial infection.

The sponge should not be left inside the vagina for more than 30 hours. The sponge should not be used during menstruation or if you have a history of TSS.

If the sponge breaks when you’re trying to remove it and you can’t get all the pieces out, you need to see your doctor. Leaving the pieces in your body may cause an infection.

You should not use the sponge if you are allergic to sulfites (a chemical found in some food and wine), the spermicide, or any of the sponge’s materials. Doing so may lead to an allergic reaction.

What are the pros & cons of the birth control sponge?

The Pros include:

• Easy to use and effective immediately
• Inexpensive and available at drugstores
• Can be inserted up to a day before having sex
• Does not require a medical exam or prescription
• Doesn’t affect your hormone levels
• It’s reversible

The Cons include:

• It’s less effective if you’ve given birth
• It’s unsafe to use during your period
• It doesn’t protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• The sponge or spermicide may irritate your vagina, which can increase your risk of STIs
• Insertion and removal can be messy or difficult

NOTE: The contraceptive sponge was removed from the market in 1994 by the FDA for health reasons but has been recently re-approved by the FDA, so it may not be available in all areas. Be sure to check with your pharmacy or health care provider on the availability of the contraceptive sponge.

Want to Know More?

• Types of Birth Control
• Birth Control Failure
• Birth Control Pills
• Birth Control Patch

Sources:

Healthline: About the Birth Control Sponge

The post Contraceptive Sponge appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

What are the different kinds of birth control pills?

• The minipill contains only progestin. In each pack, all the pills contain the same amount of progestin and all the pills are active. The progestin dose in a minipill is lower than the progestin dose in any combination pill.
• Combination birth control pills contain both estrogen and progestin. Combination birth control pills come in different mixtures of active and inactive pills, depending on how often you want to have periods:
  • Conventional packs usually contain 21 active pills and seven inactive pills, or 24 active pills and four inactive pills. Bleeding occurs every month when you take the inactive pills.
  • Continuous dosing or extended cycle packs typically contain 84 active pills and seven inactive pills. Bleeding generally occurs only four times a year, during the time when you take the inactive pills. Formulations that contain only active pills are available.

Most combination birth control pills contain 10 to 35 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol, a kind of estrogen. Women who are sensitive to hormones may benefit from taking a pill that contains a dose of estrogen at the lower end of this range. However, low-dose pills may result in more breakthrough bleeding — bleeding or spotting between periods — than higher dose pills.

• The extended-cycle pill is a combination pill that reduces the number of menstrual periods from 13 periods a year to only four a year. That means someone who takes this pill will menstruate only once each season.

  They use a combination of two hormones that are commonly used in other hormonal contraceptives. But the pill is taken continuously for 12 weeks, followed by 1 week of inactive pills, which results in a menstrual cycle.

How do the different birth control pills work?

Combination birth control pills prevent your ovaries from releasing an egg. They also slow an egg’s progress through the fallopian tubes, thicken cervical mucus and thin the lining of the uterus (endometrium). These actions help keep sperm from fertilizing the egg.

Combination pills are either monophasic (one phase) or multiphasic (many phases).Both are equally effective at preventing a pregnancy.

• Monophasic pills deliver an even level of hormones throughout the month.
• Multiphasic ones have slightly different levels of hormones in active pills. They mimic normal hormonal changes that happen during your menstrual cycle.

The minipill slows an egg’s progress through the fallopian tubes, thickens cervical mucus and thins the endometrium. This prevents sperm from reaching the egg. The minipill sometimes also suppresses ovulation.

What are the side effects of birth control pills?

There are side effects of birth control pills, although most are not serious:

• Nausea
• Sore or swollen breasts
• Small amounts of blood, or spotting, between periods
• Lighter periods
• Mood changes
• Mild headache

What if I forget to take my birth control pill?

If you forget to take some of the pills, you will have menstrual bleeding at irregular times, and the likelihood of pregnancy increases.  When you forget to take a pill, take it as soon as you can. Take your next pill at the usual time. If you forget to take two or more pills in a row, you should refrain from sexual intercourse or use a backup method of contraception. You also should contact your health care professional on what to do next.

How effective is the pill?

If pills are taken every day at the same time, and each pack is started on time, oral contraceptives are 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.  On average, oral contraceptives are 93-97% effective because women often miss pills or do not start a new pack on time. Contact your healthcare provider if you are experiencing any pregnancy symptoms.

What Are Levonorgestrel and Ulipristal?

Unlike the other pills, these aren’t intended for regular birth control. Levonorgestrel (Fallback Solo, Next Choice One Dose, Opcicon One-Step, Plan B One-Step) and ulipristal acetate (Ella) can greatly lower your chances of getting pregnant if you had unprotected sex or if you’re concerned that your usual birth control method didn’t work.

Levonorgestrel is about 88% effective if you use it as directed. You need to take it as soon as possible within 3 days of having sex.

Ulipristal is about 60% to 70% effective if you use it correctly. You need to take it ASAP within 5 days of having sex.

Things to Keep in Mind When Taking Birth Control Pills

• Keep another form of birth control, like spermicidal foam and condoms, on hand in case you forget to take a pill.
• Carry your pills with you if you don’t always sleep at the same place.
• Take your pill at the same time every day.
• Get your refills soon after you start the last prescription. Don’t wait until the last minute.
• Birth control pills are medications. Always tell your doctor or pharmacist you are on the pill if you see them for any reason.

What about the pill and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Oral contraceptives do NOT provide any protection against any sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV.

Want to Know More?

• Types of Birth Control
• Birth Control Failure
• Birth Control Patch

Sources:

Mayo Clinic: Choosing a Birth Control Pill

WebMD: Birth Control Pills

The post Birth Control Pills appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

How effective is the withdrawal method as birth control?

• The Pros:
  • Withdrawal can be used every time
  • Withdrawal may be added to other forms of birth control to increase the effectiveness
  • Withdrawal is free
  • Withdrawal does not require a prescription or manipulation of some mechanism
• The Cons:
  • Withdrawal is not considered the most reliable form of birth control
  • The woman must have complete trust in the man’s ability to withdraw
  • Pre-ejaculation, which may contain sperm, occurs without the knowledge of the man
  • Some men have difficulty timing their withdrawal

What are the side effects or health risks of withdrawal?

Outside of the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, the withdrawal method does not possess any side effects or health risks as a means of birth control. The withdrawal method isn’t as effective at preventing pregnancy as other forms of birth control.

Is it reversible?

Yes. It does not have any effects on either the male or female reproductive function. It is possible to get pregnant immediately if withdrawal is no longer used.

How much does it cost?

Free.

What about withdrawal and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

It does not prevent the vagina from coming in contact with your partner’s skin. Also, because of pre-ejaculate excretions, withdrawal does not prevent the vagina from coming in contact with bodily fluids. As such, it should NOT be considered as a means for protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.

To use the withdrawal method, you need to:

• Properly time withdrawal. When you feel like ejaculation is about to happen, withdraw the penis from the vagina. Make sure that ejaculation occurs away from the vagina.
• Take precautions before having sex again. If you plan to have sex again soon, urinate and clean off the tip of the penis first. This will help remove any remaining sperm from the last ejaculation.

Want to Know More?

• Types of Birth Control
• Birth Control Failure
• My Girlfriend is Pregnant

Sources:

Mayo Clinic: Withdrawal Method (coitus interruptus)

Healthline: How effective is the pull-out method (withdrawal)?

The post Withdrawal Method as Birth Control appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

The vaginal ring prevents pregnancy in one of three ways:

• First, it prevents eggs from being released from the ovaries.
• Second, it thickens the cervical mucus, preventing the sperm from reaching the egg.
• Third, it changes the lining of the uterus, preventing implantation. This third method presents some ethical concerns that you may want to consider.

How Do You Use the Vaginal Ring and How Effective is It?

The device is inserted into your vagina where it remains for three weeks. It is removed during the fourth week to allow your menstrual period to occur. At the end of the fourth week, the process is repeated. The vaginal ring begins to work immediately, but a second form of birth control should be used during the first seven days of your first month’s use of the vaginal ring.

The failure rate is less than 2% when it is used correctly and consistently. In other words, when it is used correctly, less than 2 in 100 women will get pregnant. You should take a pregnancy test if you are experiencing pregnancy symptoms.

Certain medications and supplements can also reduce the effectiveness of the vaginal ring. These include:

• St. John’s wort
• the antibiotic rifampin
• some HIV medications
• some antiseizure medications

If you take any of these, it’s a good idea to use a backup form of birth control.

What are the Side Effects or Health Risks of the Vaginal Ring?

The device has side effects similar to those experienced by users of oral contraceptives or other hormonal types of contraception which include:

• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Breast tenderness
• Fatigue
• Moderate weight gain
• Change of appetite

Additional side effects may include vaginal bleeding, skin irritation, yeast infections, contact lens problems, and depression.
The device should not be used by women who:

• Smoke
• Have high blood pressure
• Have a history of breast or uterine cancer
• Have a history of blood clots
• Have a history of heart attack or stroke
• Are allergic to hormones
• Have diabetes
• Have liver disease
• Have unexplained vaginal bleeding.

Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following:

• Chest pains
• Redness, swelling, or pain in your legs
• Abnormal or irregular vaginal bleeding
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin)
• If you think you might be pregnant

Women who wish to use the vaginal ring should seek additional consultation with their physician if they are experiencing any of the following medical concerns:

• Depression
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• High risk for heart disease
• History of blood clotting conditions
• History of liver disease

Is the vaginal ring reversible?

Yes. Ovulation may return within a few days after discontinuing the ring; however, it may take a few months for some women. Pregnancy should be possible when you stop using the vaginal ring.

What about the risks of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

The vaginal ring does NOT provide protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.

Can I use the vaginal ring when I am breastfeeding?

If you have recently been pregnant or if you are breastfeeding, it is best to consult your physician for the best time to start using the ring.

What do I do if the ring comes out?

If the ring comes out, it is best to replace it right away. If you do this within 3 hours, no backup method should be necessary.

Where does the ring need to go?

The exact position of the ring in the vagina is not vital to its effectiveness but read your instructions carefully to understand where the ring should be placed.

The Pros of the Vaginal Ring:

• Highly effective when used correctly
• Does not inhibit sexual spontaneity
• Minimal side effects
• You do not have to remember to take a pill each day.
• You do not have to go to the doctor’s office for a shot each month.
• It is reversible.

The Cons include:

• Does NOT protect against sexually transmitted diseases
• Requires a prescription
• Requires monthly insertion and removal

Want to Know More?

• Types of Birth Control
• Birth Control Failure
• Birth Control Pills
• Birth Control Patch

Sources

• Centers for Disease Control (CDC): Birth Control Methods
• Healthline

The post Vaginal Ring appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

How effective is spermicide?

Spermicide is one of the less effective birth control methods when used by itself. The typical use of spermicide, which is considered the way most people use it, possesses a failure rate of 28%. Spermicides should be used with another barrier method of birth control such as a diaphragm, cervical cap, or condom. You should take a pregnancy test if you are experiencing any pregnancy symptoms.

Some types of spermicide are effective immediately, while other products may take 15 to 30 minutes to activate. Also, some types may stop being effective around an hour after use.

What are the side effects or health risks?

In some individuals, an allergic reaction may lead to itching, burning, or redness.

Are spermicides reversible?

Yes. They do not have any effects on either the male or female reproductive cycle. It is possible to get pregnant immediately if it is no longer used.

What about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Spermicidal chemicals do not prevent contact of the vagina from the partner’s skin or bodily fluids. Spermicide should NOT be considered as a means of protection from sexually transmitted diseases.

What are the pros & cons?

• The Pros:
  • When combined with other barrier methods (condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap), the combined failure rate is between 3% – 10%.
  • Doctor visits are not required to obtain spermicide.
  • It is easily accessible at grocery stores, drug stores, and supercenters.
  • It is inexpensive and easy to carry.
• The Cons:
  • Spermicide must be inserted less than 30 minutes prior to intercourse and ideally less than 20 minutes.
  • It must be inserted for each act of sexual intercourse.
  • It requires another barrier method to avoid high failure rates.
  • Spermicide does NOT protect against sexually transmitted diseases.

Types of Spermicide

Each type works in slightly different ways. Some mix with vaginal fluid to form a thicker gel to block the cervix, while other forms focus on preventing the sperm from moving.

Nonoxynol-9 damages the cell membrane of sperm, interfering with the sperm’s ability to move and effectively killing the sperm.

Spermicide condoms

Using condoms coated with spermicide is an excellent option to increase the effectiveness for preventing pregnancy and STIs with just one product. It may be more convenient to use a condom with added spermicide instead of using spermicide plus another barrier contraceptive method. Using spermicide and condoms together are about 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy and STIs when used perfectly and depending on the type of spermicide.

Vaginal Contraceptive Sponge

A vaginal contraceptive sponge is made of a soft foam with added spermicide. The product is effective immediately after insertion and provides protection for 24 hours. Read the directions before use to ensure you’re using it correctly. Each sponge can only be used once. The sponge may be more effective than other spermicide products, with about a 9 to 11 percent failure rate.

It’s recommended to wait at least 6 hours after the last time having intercourse before removing. The maximum time a sponge can remain in the vagina is 30 hours.

Vaginal Contraceptive Films

Vaginal contraceptive films are a thin sheet, similar to wax paper. When inserted into the vagina, the film begins to dissolve and mix with vaginal fluids, forming a thick gel consistency. It’s recommended to place the film as close to the cervix as possible.

Vaginal films should be placed at least 15 minutes before sexual intercourse to allow time for the product to dissolve and form the gel. How long the film is effective may vary between different brands.

Spermicidal Jellies

Spermicidal jellies are often used along with diaphragms or cervical caps. The jelly acts as lube and an added layer of protection in case any sperm manages to get around the barrier of a diaphragm or cervical cap. Spermicidal jellies usually come in a tube. The product comes with an applicator to insert the jelly as close to the cervix as possible. After use, simply wash the applicator, and allow it to dry before the next use.

The jelly is effective immediately and lasts about 1 hour. When used with a diaphragm, it may be effective for up to 6 hours.

Contraceptive Gels

A contraceptive gel is an easy-to-use birth control option that also provides lubrication. Typically, the gel is inserted while lying down. The applicator is placed deep into the vagina, as close to the cervix as possible.

Spermicide Suppositories

Spermicide suppositories come in a bullet shaped solid. Once placed into the vagina, the suppository dissolves into a foam texture. It takes about 10 to 15 minutes for spermicide suppositories to become effective.

Want to Know More?

• Types of Birth Control
• Birth Control Pills
• Birth Control Patch

Compiled using information from the following sources:

1. Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. (n.d.). Choosing a method of birth control: Spermicides.

https://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Quick-Reference-Guide-for-Clinicians/choosing/Spermicides

The post Spermicide appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

An Overview of the Types of Birth Control

It is important to examine the different types of birth control and other related considerations as you determine which method of contraception to use.

While most birth control methods prevent pregnancy, they do not all prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.

Additionally, aside from abstinence, all forms of birth control have a failure rate. You should take a pregnancy test if you are experiencing pregnancy symptoms.

Abstinence

• As a means of contraception, abstinence is the voluntary refraining from sexual activity.
• Abstinence is the only contraceptive method that is 100% effective in the prevention of both pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.

Fertility Awareness Method/Natural Family Planning (NFP)

• Fertility awareness method is also known as Natural Family Planning and is commonly called NFP.
• NFP does not rely on devices or medications to prevent pregnancy.
• NFP is a contraceptive method that uses the natural functions of your body and your menstrual cycle to determine ovulation. This involves recording your basal body temperature and changes in your cervical mucus each day.
• NFP requires periodic abstinence (approximately 7 to 10 days) during a woman’s ovulation window. Some women choose to use a barrier method or withdrawal during this time frame.

Barrier or device methods are physical or chemical barriers designed to stop sperm from entering a woman’s uterus

Male Condom:

• The male condom is a tube of thin material (latex rubber) that is rolled over the erect penis prior to contact with the vagina.
• The male condom is the most common barrier method.

Female Condom:

• The female condom is a seven-inch long pouch of polyurethane with two flexible rings and is inserted into the vagina prior to intercourse.
• The female condom covers the cervix, vaginal canal, and the immediate area around the vagina.

Spermicides:

• Spermicides are chemicals that are designed to kill sperm.
• Spermicide chemicals are available as foam, jelly, foaming tablets, and vaginal suppositories.

Diaphragm:

• The diaphragm is a soft, rubber dome stretched over a flexible ring.
• The dome is filled with a spermicidal cream or jelly.
• The diaphragm is then inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix no more than 3 hours prior to intercourse.

Cervical Cap:

• The cervical cap is a small cup made of latex rubber or plastic.
• The cervical cap is filled with a spermicidal cream or jelly, inserted into the vagina, and placed over the cervix.

Contraceptive Sponge:

• The contraceptive sponge is a soft, saucer-shaped device made from polyurethane foam.

Hormonal Birth Control:

Whether administered as a pill, patch, shot, ring or implant, hormone medications contain manufactured forms of the hormones estrogen and/or progesterone.
Hormonal contraceptives do NOT protect against the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
Hormonal methods work in one of three ways:

1) preventing a woman’s ovaries from releasing an egg each month;

2) causing the cervical mucus to thicken, making it harder for sperm to reach and penetrate the egg;

3) thinning the lining of the uterus, which reduces the likelihood that a fertilized egg will implant in the uterus wall. This third method presents an ethical concern to consider.

Birth Control Pills:

• Birth control pills are taken daily as prescribed by your healthcare provider.

Depo-Provera:

• Depo-Provera is an injection given by your doctor that prevents pregnancy for three months.

Lunelle:

• Lunelle is an injection given by your health care provider that prevents pregnancy for one month.

NuvaRing/Vaginal Ring:

• NuvaRing, or vaginal ring, is a flexible ring that is inserted into the vagina for three weeks, removed for one week, and then replaced with a new ring.
• The ring releases estrogen and progesterone into your body.

Ortho Evra Patch/Birth Control Patch:

• The birth control patch is placed directly on the skin, with the hormones built into the sticky side of the patch.
• Each week for the first three weeks a new patch is placed on the hip, buttocks, or upper arm.
• The patch is removed during the fourth week, allowing for a menstrual period.

Intrauterine Device (IUD):

• The IUD is a small plastic device containing copper or hormones and is inserted into the uterus by a medical professional.
• The IUD does not stop the sperm from entering into the uterus, but rather it changes cervical mucus decreasing the probability of fertilization. It also changes the lining of the uterus preventing implantation should fertilization occur.

Withdrawal & Sterilization:

Neither withdrawal nor sterilization prevents transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.

Withdrawal:

• Withdrawal involves the removal of the erect penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation.

Sterilization:

Female:

• Sterilization involves the surgical closing of the fallopian tubes which carry the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
• This procedure is referred to as a tubal ligation

Male:

• Sterilization involves the surgical closing of the vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm)
• This procedure is referred to as a vasectomy

How different birth control methods compare

Want to Know More?

• Birth Control Failure

Sources:

Healthline: How Effective is Each Birth Control Method?

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Office on Women’s Health: Birth Control Methods

The post Types of Birth Control appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

In 2013, the FDA lifted the age limit on emergency contraception, which can now be obtained over-the-counter without a prescription. This form of birth control is sometimes used in the event of unprotected sexual intercourse, in cases of sexual assault and rape, or if another type of birth control has failed.

How Does the Morning After Pill Work?

Emergency contraception works through high doses of the synthetic hormones of estrogen and progestin, or progestin only, which help regulate ovulation and fertility similar to the way in which the natural forms of these hormones work. It may prevent pregnancy through one or more of these three methods:

• First, it prevents or reduces the probability of an egg being released from the ovaries.
• Second, it thickens the cervical mucus, decreasing the chance of the sperm reaching and fertilizing the egg.
• Third, it changes the lining of the uterus, decreasing the probability of implantation. Click here to learn more about the ethical implications of this third method.

The first dose of pills is taken as soon as possible (within 72 hours), followed by another dose 12 hours later.

How effective is the process?

Emergency contraception decreases the possibility of pregnancy by 75-89% depending on the type of medication taken. This method is most effective the earlier it is taken. The morning after pill is not as effective as other forms of birth control and it isn’t recommended for routine use. It offers no protection against sexually transmitted infections.

How often can I use emergency contraception?

Emergency contraception pills can be used more than once during a single menstrual cycle, but you should not rely on the morning-after pills as a long-term birth control method. EC pills are not as effective in preventing pregnancy as using a birth control method consistently and correctly. There also may be more side effects from frequent use of EC than from use of a standard birth control method. If you are not using birth control, talk with your ob-gyn or other health care professional about which method would work best for you.

The morning-after pill isn’t appropriate for everyone

Don’t take a morning-after pill if:

• You’re allergic to any component of the morning-after pill
• You’re taking certain medications that can decrease the effectiveness of the morning-after pill, such as barbiturates or St. John’s wort

If you’re overweight or obese, there’s some indication that the morning-after pill won’t be as effective in preventing pregnancy as it is for women who aren’t overweight.

Also, make sure you’re not pregnant before using ulipristal. The effects of ulipristal on a developing baby are unknown. If you’re breast-feeding, ulipristal isn’t recommended.

What are the Side Effects or Health Risks of Emergency Contraception?

It has side effects similar to those experienced by users of oral or other hormonal types of contraception which include:

• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Irregular or heavy period
• Breast tenderness
• Lower abdominal pain or cramps

Emergency contraception may affect your next menstrual cycle by making it earlier or later or causing blood flow to be different than normal. Emergency contraception is not recommended for women who are already pregnant.

You should take a pregnancy test if you are experiencing any pregnancy symptoms. Although research is limited, studies have not shown that harm would be done to the fetus if this method fails.

What you can expect

To use the morning-after pill:

• Follow the morning-after pill’s instructions. If you use Plan B One-Step, take one Plan B One-Step pill as soon as possible and less than 72 hours after unprotected sex. If you use ella, take one ella pill as soon as possible and less than 120 hours after unprotected sex.
• If you vomit within two hours after taking the morning-after pill, ask your health care provider if you should take another dose.
• Don’t have sex until you start another method of birth control. The morning-after pill doesn’t offer lasting protection from pregnancy. If you have unprotected sex in the days and weeks after taking the morning-after pill, you’re at risk of becoming pregnant. Be sure to begin using or resume use of birth control.
• Using the morning-after pill may delay your period by up to one week. If you don’t get your period within three to four weeks of taking the morning-after pill, take a pregnancy test.

Normally, you don’t need to contact your health care provider after using the morning-after pill. However, if you have bleeding or spotting that lasts longer than a week or develop severe lower abdominal pain three to five weeks after taking the morning-after pill, contact him or her. These can indicate a miscarriage or that the fertilized egg has implanted outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube (ectopic pregnancy).

How Much Does Emergency Contraception Cost?

There is no longer an age limit on the morning after pill, which is now available over-the-counter without a prescription. Prices generally range from $30-$60 or more.

What About Emergency Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)?

Emergency Contraception does NOT provide protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.

Want to Know More?

• Types of Birth Control
• Birth Control Failure
• Birth Control Pills
• Birth Control Patch

Compiled using information from the following sources:

1. Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Ninth Ed. Scott, James R., et al, Ch. 30.

2. Office on Women’s Health

3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration

https://www.fda.gov/

4. William’s Obstetrics Twenty-Second Ed. Cunningham, F. Gary, et al, Ch. 32.

5. Mayo Clinic

6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Emergency Contraception FAQs

The post Emergency Contraception: Morning After Pill appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

What is a cervical cap?

A cervical cap is a small silicone or rubber cup you insert into your vagina before sexual intercourse to help prevent pregnancy. It covers your cervix so sperm can’t reach an egg. Suction helps it stay in place. The only cervical cap approved for use in the United States is sold under the brand name FemCap®. It must be fitted and prescribed by your healthcare provider. Spermicide is added to the cap to kill any sperm that may get outside of the protection of the cap.

How effective is it?

Like all contraception, cervical caps are only effective when used correctly. If you don’t follow the directions or use it every time you have sex, it will increase your chances of becoming pregnant. Additionally, the cap must be fitted tightly across your cervix. If it’s not a snug fit, it lowers the device’s effectiveness.

A cervical cap is also less effective if you’ve given birth vaginally. This is because your vagina and cervix are stretched during childbirth, and the cap may not fit as well. The cervical cap is about 86% effective in people who haven’t given birth. It’s about 71% effective in people who have given birth.

Cervical caps aren’t as effective as other birth control options like patches, rings, pills or intrauterine defines (IUDs).

Typical use results in a failure rate of approximately 20%. This means that 20 people out of every 100 will become pregnant during the first year of use. You should take a pregnancy test if you are experiencing any pregnancy symptoms.

What are the side effects or health risks?

The most common side effect of using a cervical cap is vaginal irritation. Some women also experience an increase in the number of bladder infections they have.
The cervical cap should not be used by women who have:

• An abnormally shaped cervix
• A history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Abnormal pap smears
• Severe cervicitis

Is it reversible?

Yes. A cap does not have any effects on either the male’s or the female’s reproductive function. It is possible to get pregnant immediately when the caps are no longer used.

How much does a cervical cap cost?

Office visits to obtain a prescription for a cervical cap range from $50 to $200, the cap costs between $15 and $50 dollars and spermicidal jellies, foams, or creams range from $7 to $18 dollars per package. The cervical cap can last up to two years.

What about sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

The cervical cap does NOT provide protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.

What are the pros & cons of cervical caps?

• The Pros:
  • Reusable and relatively inexpensive
  • Small and easy to carry
  • Requires less spermicide than a diaphragm
  • Are hormone-free
  • Rarely hinders the sexual experience
  • May be used for repeated intercourse within a 48 hour period
• The Cons:
  • Requires consistent use for each sexual encounter
  • Spermicide may be messy
  • A prescription is required
  • May contribute towards urinary tract infections
  • Offer no protection against sexually transmitted infections
  • May cause cervical changes, such as cervicitis
  • Must be cleaned and stored
  • May need to be resized following a pregnancy, abortion, pelvic surgery, or weight loss or gain (20lbs or more)
  • May get stuck in the cervix, requiring it to be removed by your healthcare provider

Want to Know More?

• Types of Birth Control
• Birth Control Failure
• Birth Control Pills
• Birth Control Patch

Sources:

Cleveland Clinic: Cervical Cap

Healthline: Cervical Cap

The post Cervical Cap appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

What causes menstrual cycle irregularities?

There are a number of different causes that can affect your period:

• Pregnancy or breast-feeding. A missed period is the most certain symptom of pregnancy. Breastfeeding typically delays the return of menstruation after pregnancy.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This is a hormonal disorder common in women in their reproductive years. Infrequent, irregular, or absent menstrual cycles or abnormally heavy periods are symptoms.
• Premature ovarian failure. Premature ovarian failure refers to the loss of normal ovarian function before age 40. Women who have premature ovarian failure — also known as primary ovarian insufficiency — might have irregular or occasional periods for years.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This infection of the reproductive organs can cause irregular menstrual bleeding.
• Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths of the uterus can cause heavy menstrual periods and prolonged menstrual periods.
• Extreme weight loss or excessive exercising. Extreme weight loss and increased physical activity can disrupt menstruation.

Did My New Birth Control Pill Change My Period?

After using one birth control type or brand for a while your body adjusts to the hormones and you establish a more regular menstrual cycle. When changing to a new birth control pill, or even from a generic to name brand or vice versa, your menstrual cycle may readjust. There is a good chance your period could be delayed or come sooner than expected. Some women even experience cessation of the menstruation for one or two cycles while her body adjusts.

Here are some changes you can expect when switching from one type of pill to another:

• Delayed periods
• Absent periods
• Heavier periods
• Lighter periods
• Longer periods
• Shorter periods
• Spotting in between periods

What can I do to prevent menstrual irregularities?

Some period irregularities can’t be prevented. Birth control pills can help regulate menstrual cycles for some women.

In addition, consult your health care provider if:

• Your periods suddenly stop for more than 90 days — and you’re not pregnant
• Your periods become erratic after having been regular
• You bleed for more than seven days
• You bleed more heavily than usual or soak through more than one pad or tampon every hour or two
• Your periods are less than 21 days or more than 35 days apart
• You bleed between periods
• You develop severe pain during your period
• You suddenly get a fever and feel sick after using tampons

Sources:

Mayo Clinic: Menstrual cycle: What’s normal, what’s not

Access Medicine

The post Why Has My Period Changed? appeared first on American Pregnancy Association.

How does the Birth Control Patch Work?

The birth control patch contains the hormones estrogen and progestin. These are the same types of hormones used in most birth control pills. Your body absorbs the hormones from the patch.

The patch prevents pregnancy in one of three ways:

• First, it prevents eggs from being released from the ovaries
• Second, it thickens the cervical mucus preventing the sperm from reaching the egg
• Third, it changes the lining of the uterus preventing implantation. Ethical Consideration.

How Do You Use the Birth Control Patch?

The patch is a prescription and must be obtained from your healthcare provider. The patch is worn for one week at a time and it is placed directly on the skin of your buttocks, stomach, upper arm or upper torso.

The patch is replaced once a week on the same day each week for three weeks in a row. The patch is not worn during the fourth week to allow your menstrual flow to occur at this time.

How Effective is the Birth Control Patch?

The patch has a failure rate of less than 1% when it is used correctly and consistently. The patch may not protect you from pregnancy if you are taking antibiotics or medications for fungal infections or seizures. The patch may not prevent pregnancy if you weigh 198 pounds or more.

What are the Side Effects or Health Risks of the Birth Control Patch?

The patch has side effects similar to those experienced by users of oral or other hormonal types of contraception including:

• Skin irritation
• Headaches
• Breast tenderness
• Irregular vaginal bleeding
• Moderate weight gain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloating

Additional side effects may include yeast infections, contact lens problems, and depression.

The birth control patch should not be used by women who:

• Smoke
• Have high blood pressure
• Have breast or uterine cancer
• Have a history of blood clots
• Have uncontrolled diabetes
• Have a history of heart attack or stroke
• Are allergic to hormones
• Have diabetes
• Have liver disease
• Have unexplained vaginal bleeding.

Additional information was released from the FDA in late 2005 to warn patients and health care providers that the patch exposes a woman to more than 60% more estrogen than the birth control pill. This increased level of estrogen can lead to risks such as blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks.

Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following:

• Chest pains
• Redness, swelling, or pain in your legs
• Abnormal or irregular vaginal bleeding
• Jaundice (your skin looks yellow)
• If you are experiencing pregnancy symptoms

Women who wish to use the birth control patch should seek additional consultation with their physician if they are experiencing any of the following medical concerns:

• Depression
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• High risk for heart disease
• History of blood clotting conditions
• History of liver disease

Is the Birth Control Patch Reversible?

Yes. Ovulation usually returns within three menstrual cycles after discontinuing the patch. Pregnancy is possible when you stop using the birth control patch.

How Much Does the Birth Control Patch Cost?

Office visits to obtain a prescription for birth control patches range from $50 to $200. A monthly supply of patches costs approximately $30-$35.

What About the Birth Control Patch and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?

The birth control patch should NOT be considered as a means for protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Birth Control Patch:

When does the patch begin to work?

The patch begins to work immediately, but the second form of birth control should be used during the first seven days of the first month the patch is used.

What day should I start using the patch?

Your “change patch day” is determined during the first month you start. It may either be the first day after your period ends or the Sunday following the start of your period.

Should I wear them in the same place?

When you change your patch each week, it should be worn in a different approved location. This keeps your skin from getting dry or irritated.

Can I use it while I am breastfeeding?

If you have recently been pregnant or if you are breastfeeding, it is best to consult your physician for the best time to start using the patch.

What do I do if the patch comes off?

If the patch comes off, it is best to replace it with another patch right away. If you do this within 24 hours, no backup method should be necessary.

Can I wear the patch in the water?

The patch may be worn during exercise, swimming or bathing.

What if I don’t like where I put it?

The patch should not be moved once it has been applied until the week has been completed.

Can I make it smaller?

The patch should not be trimmed or altered in any way, and additional adhesives including tape should not be used to keep the patch in place.

What are the Pros and Cons of the Birth Control Patch?

The Pros include:

• Highly effective when used correctly
• You do not have to remember to take a pill each day
• You do not have to go to the doctor’s office for a shot each month
• Does not inhibit sexual spontaneity
• Minimal side effects
• It is reversible

The Cons include:

• Does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
• Requires a prescription
• Requires weekly application
• Increased exposure to estrogen, which can cause other health complications

Want to Know More?

• Types of Birth Control
• Birth Control Failure
• Birth Control Pills

Resources:

Mayo Clinic

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